Movement and Sport Specificity
Development
and/or maintenance of fundamental human movement patterns has become the centre
of attention amongst the top professionals in the strength & conditioning
and rehabilitation industries today.
Efficient movement patterns will increase an athletes’ performance by
making them more proficient with their skills and less prone to injury in their
respective sport, while creating the opportunity to be stronger and injury free
while training (Cook, 2010). Many
athletes and coaches alike have the perception that ‘if we simply exercise, we
will automatically move better’ (Cook, 2010, p.52). Due to this belief, many coaches subscribe to
the idea of more is better. Athletes
will be subjected to an outlandish volume of work, without enough attention
paid to the qualities of strength, and movement. If an athletes’ training regime consists of
high volumes of work all the time, then they will not be exposed to the
sufficient intensities required to increase their absolute strength. Absolute strength may be defined as the maximum
amount of force one can apply in a given effort. Strength is the basis for all other
performance qualities such as power and endurance (Siff, 2004). Strength also plays an integral role in
developing proper movement patterns.
Once proper mobility has been developed within the athlete, stability
must be developed by sequentially becoming stronger (Cook, 2010). Often times when an athlete is subjected to a
high volume of exercise, they will compromise movement quality to gain movement
quantity. While repetitive movements are
completely necessary to groove a movement pattern into an athletes’
neuromuscular system, discretion must be taken on behalf of the coach and
athlete to stop exercising once proper technique has broken down (Cook, 2010). As previously mentioned, one of the most
important points to consider as a strength coach is that anyone can create a
difficult exercise or program, but only the great strength coaches can design
challenges appropriate to any athletes needs and abilities.
Another
problem, which often runs concurrently with a disregard for movement patterns,
is the trend of using exercises which attempt to very closely mimic the sport
played. It is important to note that
sport specific exercises do in fact play a key role in a successful sporting
career. The issue is when sport specific
exercises are used prior to mastering traits of general fitness and
athleticism. General physical
preparation (GPP) is intended to provide balanced physical conditioning in
endurance, strength, speed, flexibility, and movement patterns (Siff,
2004). This is comparison to specialized
physical preparation (SPP) which concentrates on exercises which are more specific
to the particular sport. Problems arise,
for example, when parents ask strength & conditioning professionals for
pitching specific drills for their young baseball player; however, this young
baseball player does not yet possess the strength to simply perform a pull-up
or push-up (Cook, 2010). Athletes must
use a progressive mentality to training, just as a baby must crawl prior to
walking, and walking prior to running. GPP
should be the early focus of an athletes’ out of sport training, with their
training becoming progressively more specific as they have reached full
maturation, have decided to focus solely on one sport, and once they have
established sufficient proficiency in the qualities of focus within GPP. Exercises that closely mimic ones sport
should be used as a ‘trump card’ of sorts once they are no longer making
substantial improvements in the qualities of GPP (John & Tsatsouline, 2011).
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